Bem-Vindos Welcome Bienvenido
"Os olhos são os senhores da astronomia e os autores da cosmografia; eles desvendam e corrigem toda a arte da humanidade; conduzem os homens ás partes mais distantes do mundo; são os príncipes da matemática, e as ciências que os têm por fundamento são perfeitamente correctas.Os olhos medem a distância e o tamanho das estrelas; encontram os elementos e suas localizações; eles... deram origem à arquitectura, à perspectiva, e à divina arte da pintura...Que povos, que línguas poderão descrever completamente sua função! Os olhos são a janela do corpo humano pela qual ele abre os caminhos e se deleita com a beleza do mundo".
>>>>>>>>Este Espaço está em permanente actualização<<<<<<<<
quinta-feira, 9 de outubro de 2008
Um milhão de euros para pesquisa revolucionária
Dia Mundial da Visão

Infant Vision

Healthy eyes and good vision play a critical role in how infants and children learn to see. Eye and vision problems in infants can cause developmental delays. It is important to detect any problems early to ensure babies have the opportunity to develop the visual abilities they need to grow and learn.
-Watching for signs of eye and vision problems.
-Seeking professional eye care starting with the first comprehensive vision assessment at about 6 months of age.
-Helping their child develop his or her vision by engaging in age-appropriate activities.
Development Steps:
At birth, babies can't see as well as older children or adults. Their eyes and visual system aren't fully developed. But significant improvement occurs during the first few months of life.
The following are some milestones to watch for in vision and child development. It is important to remember that not every child is the same and some may reach certain milestones at different ages.
At birth, babies can't see the biggest letter on the eye chart (approximately 20/200 visual acuity). An older child or adult with normal vision can see this letter as far away as 200 feet. Up to about 3 months of age, babies' eyes do not focus on objects more than 8 to 10 inches from their faces.
During the first months of life, the eyes start working together and vision rapidly improves. Eye-hand coordination begins to develop as the infant starts tracking moving objects with his or her eyes and reaching for them. By eight weeks, babies begin to focus their eyes on the faces of a parent or other person near them.
For the first two months of life, an infant's eyes are not well coordinated and may appear to wander or to be crossed. This is usually normal. However, if an eye appears to turn in or out constantly, an evaluation is warranted.
Babies should begin to follow moving objects with their eyes and reach for things at around four months of age.
Five to eight months:
Depth perception, which is the ability to judge if objects are nearer or farther away than other objects, is not present at birth. It is not until around the fifth month that the eyes are capable of working together to form a three-dimensional view of the world and begin to see in depth.
Although an infant's color vision is not as sensitive as an adult's, it is generally believed that babies have good color vision by five months of age.
Most babies start crawling at about 8 months old, which helps further develop eye-hand-foot-body coordination. Early walkers who did minimal crawling may not learn to use their eyes together as well as babies who crawl a lot.
By twelve months of age, most babies will be crawling and trying to walk. Parents should encourage crawling rather than early walking to help the child develop better eye-hand coordination.
Babies can now judge distances fairly well and throw things with precision.
Children this age are highly interested in exploring their environment and in looking and listening. They recognize familiar objects and pictures in books and can scribble with crayon or pencil.
-Excessive tearing - this may indicate blocked tear ducts
-Red or encrusted eye lids - this could be a sign of an eye infection
-Constant eye turning - this may signal a problem with eye muscle control
-Extreme sensitivity to light - this may indicate an elevated pressure in the eye
-Appearance of a white pupil - this may indicate the presence of an eye cancer
terça-feira, 7 de outubro de 2008
Extraocular Muscles
There are two main kinds of movement: conjugate movement (the eyes move in the same direction) and disjunctive (opposite directions). The former is typicsl when shifting gaze right or left, the latter is convergence of the two eyes on a near object. Disjunction can be performed voluntarily, but is usually triggered by the nearness of the target object. A "see-saw" movement, namely, one eye looks up and the other down, is possible, but not voluntarily; this effect is brought on by putting a prism in front of one eye, and the relevant image is apparently displaced. However, to avoid double vision from noncorrsponding points from, the eye with the prism must move up or down, following the image passing through the prism. Likewise torsion (rolling) on the anteroposterior axis (from the front to the back) can occur naturally, as when one tips his head to one shoulder, the torsion, in the opposite direction, keeps the image vertical.
-The superior oblique muscle originates at the back of the orbit (a little closer to the medial rectus) and courses forward to a rigid pulley, called the trochlea, on the upper, nasal wall of the orbit. The muscle passes through the pulley, turning sharply across the orbit, and inserts on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. Thus, the superior oblique goes backward for the last part of its path, and because it goes over the top of the eye, it pulls it downward and laterally.
-The last muscle is the inferior oblique, which originates at the lower front of the nasal orbital wall, and passes under the LR to insert on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. Thus, the inferior oblique pulls the eye upward and laterally.

Contact Lens
"How can I tell if my contact lens is inside-out?"
The trick is to place the lens on your finger so that a cup is formed. Then hold the lens up directly in front of your eyes so you're looking at the side of the cup.
If the lens forms a "U" with the top edges flared out, it's inside out. If it forms just a "U," it's in the correct position.
If you're wearing lenses with a handling tint, another way is to place the lens on your fingertip and then look down at it. The edge of a tinted lens should look very blue (or green, depending on the tint); that won't be the case if the lens is inverted.
Some contact lenses also have a laser marking, such as the brand name, on the edge to help you. If you can read it properly, the lens is not inside out. Don't worry if you place a contact lens in your eye inside out. The lens will feel uncomfortable, but it can't do any damage.

Applying Your Contact Lenses
Make sure you wash your hands thoroughly before applying your contact lenses, but avoid overly scented or oily soaps that might adhere to the lens surface. Especially avoid using products containing lanolin.
Some eye doctors say to always apply the first contact lens in the same eye, so you'll avoid the possibility of mixing up lenses for the right eye and left eye.
Other basic guidelines for contact lens application include:
Gently shake your lens case containing the storage solution, to loosen the contact lens should it be stuck. (Don't try pulling at the lens with your finger, or you might damage it.)
Slide the lens out of its case and into the palm of your hand. Rinse thoroughly with the appropriate contact lens solution.
Place the contact lens on the tip of your index or middle finger, which should be dry or mostly dry.
With the fingers and thumb of your other hand, simultaneously pull up on your upper eyelid and down on your lower eyelid.
Position the lens on your eye while looking upward or forward, whichever you find to be easier. You also can apply the contact lens by placing it on the white of the eye closest to your ear.
Roll your eyes in a complete circle to help the lens settle, then blink.
Removing Your Contact Lenses
Always wash your hands before removing contact lenses. If you are standing in front of a sink, make sure you use a clean paper towel to cover the drain where the contact lens might accidentally fall.
To remove soft contact lenses, look upward or sideways while you pull down on your lower eyelid. With a finger, gently maneuver the lens onto the white of your eye. There, you can very gently pinch the lens together with your index finger and thumb and lift it off the eye. Until you master contact lens removal, you might consider keeping your fingernails clipped to avoid accidentally scratching and damaging your eye.
Rigid contact lenses can be removed by holding out the palm of your hand, bending over, and then opening your eye wide. With one finger of your other hand, pull on the skin of your eye's outside corner straight out toward your ear with your eye wide open. Then blink. The contact lens should pop right out and into your open palm.
Devices for removing contact lenses, known as "plungers," also are available from your eye doctor, and can be used to touch and directly remove a lens from your eye. Just make sure you touch only the lens and not your eye's surface with this device.
While you might hear a myth or two about someone "losing" a contact lens in the back of the eye, this is actually impossible because of a membrane that connects your eye to the back of your eyelid.
Contact Lenses and UV Light
Researchers have linked ultraviolet (UV) light to the formation of cataracts. Exposure to excessive UV light also may result in a condition called photokeratitis.
That's why some lenses now incorporate a UV-blocking agent. You can't tell if a contact lens has a UV blocker just by looking at it — the blocker is provided in clear form, so as not to disturb vision. The contact lens packaging will specify if the product has a UV blocker, or you can ask your eye doctor.
Very important: UV-blocking contacts are not meant to replace sunglasses. A contact lens covers only your cornea, not your entire eye.
However, UV-blocking contact lenses do help protect the portion of the white of your eye that is covered from formation of growths such as pingueculae and pterygia.
Sunglasses with UV protection can cover more of your eye and the parts of your face that surround the eye, depending on the size of the sunglass lens. That's why contacts with UV blockers are designed to complement sunglass use as an added protection.
A Visão dos Gatos

Medir os sentidos dos animais pode ser difícil, principalmente por que não existem meios explícitos de comunicação entre o objecto do teste e o examinador. Entretanto, testes indicam que a visão aguçada dos gatos é largamente superior no período noturno em comparação aos humanos, mas menos eficaz durante o dia.
Os gatos, como os cães, possuem o tapetum lucidum, uma membrana posicionada dentro do globo ocular que reestimula a retina ao refletir a luz na cavidade. Enquanto esse artifício melhora a visão noturna, parece reduzir a acuidade visual na presença de luz abundante. Quando há muita luminosidade, a pupila em formato de fenda fecha-se o máximo possível, para reduzir a quantidade de luz a atingir a retina, o que também resguarda a noção de profundidade. O tapetum e outros mecanismos dão aos gatos um limiar de detecção de luminosidade 7 vezes menor que a dos humanos.
Os gatos têm, em média, campo visual estimado em 200°, contra 180° dos humanos, com sobreposição binocular mais estreita que a dos humanos. Como em muitos predadores, os olhos ficam posicionados na parte frontal da cabeça do animal, ampliando a noção de profundidade em detrimento da largura do campo de visão.
O campo de visão depende principalmente do posicionamento dos olhos, mas também pode estar relacionada com a construção dos olhos. Ao invés da fóvea que dá aos humanos excelente visão central, os gatos têm uma faixa central marcando a intersecção binocular. Aparentemente os gatos conseguem diferenciar cores, especialmente à curta distância, mas sem subtileza apreciável, em termos humanos.
Os gatos também possuem uma terceira membrana protectora dos olhos, a membrana de nictação (que é o acto de fechar os olhos instintivamente na presença de luz intensa). Essa membrana fecha parcialmente quando o animal está doente. Se o gato mostra frequentemente essa terceira pálpebra, é um possível indicativo de doença.
Contactologia
A prática da Contactologia consiste, basicamente, em submergir uma pequena lente no fluido lacrimal, tornando-a pouco visível, confortável e capaz de proporcionar uma adequada compensação óptica, durante o tempo necessário, sem prejudicar a saúde ocular a curto, médio e longo prazo. É tarefa do Optometrista especializado em LC determinar qual a lente apropriada para cada paciente em função das condições que apresenta, sintomas, sinais oculares e resultados do exame refractivo, devidamente anotado na ficha clínica.
Correctamente desenhada e adaptada, uma LC compensa e, por vezes, reduz ametropias , (Link para problemas mais comuns: refractivos) irregularidades corneais e determinadas disfunções binoculares. As LC são também amplamente utilizadas como ajudas terapêuticas em diversas patologias do segmento anterior do olho e mesmo em anomalias de tipo funcional, tais como a ambliopia ou as dificuldades para a visão cromática. Actualmente, tem vindo a confirmar-se a hipótese de que determinados tipos de LC podem ter um papel fundamental na diminuição da progressão da miopia em crianças.
- LC rígidas permeáveis aos gases (LCRPG) : também se denominam de semi-rígidas e a diferença das de LCR que são impermeáveis ao oxigénio, estas incorporaram componentes poliméricos que lhe dão mais flexibilidade e permeabilidade aos gases. O seu tamanho varia entre 8.5 e 11 mm e dado que unicamente se adaptam sobre a superfície corneal são também denominadas de lentes corneais igual que as LCR de PMMA. Estas lentes classificam-se habitualmente nos seguintes grupos:
- Acrilato de silicone (SA) : lentes em que os constituintes principais são o metil metacrilato (MMA) e o siloxano. São lentes de menor permeabilidade aos gases, mais hidrofóbicas e mais rígidas.
- Acrilato de flúor-silicone (FSA) : lentes que para além dos constituintes das lentes de SA incorporam também o flúor. São habitualmente lentes de maior permeabilidade aos gases, maior hidrofilia e resistência à adesão de depósitos e mais flexíveis.
- LC hidrofílicas convencionais (LCH) : são compostas por monómeros hidrofílicos, esencialmente hidroxi-etil metacrilato (HEMA) com outros monómeros que lhes conferem distintas propriedades (humectação, permeabilidade aos gases, entre outras). O tamanho habitual para estas lentes é de 13.5 a 15.5 mm de diâmetro. A característica principal é que a permeabilidade aos gases depende do teor de água que pode variar entre 38 e 74% nas lentes mais utilizadas. Habitualmente classificam-se segundo o seu teor de água em baixa hidratação (<50%)>- LC hidrofílicas bio-miméticas (LCHB-M) : também são denominadas de bio-compatíveis, no entanto, a biocompatibilidade deve estar presente em todas as lentes aptas para o uso em seres humanos pelo que o termo bio-mimético é mais específico destas lentes. Igual que as anteriores são compostas por monómeros hidrofílicos, no entanto, alguns dos monómeros que contêm têm demonstrado uma maior eficácia na resistência à desidratação e contaminação por depósitos, pelo que se incluem num grupo aparte.
- LC híbridas : são fabricadas com materiais hidrofílicos no bordo e materiais RPG na zona central.
- LC de silicone : a sua principal característica é a permeabilidade aos gases muito alta, no entanto são muito desconfortáveis. O seu uso fica reservado quase exclusivamente à adaptação em crianças operadas de catarata congénita para a compensação da elevada hipermetropia resultante da extracção do cristalino.
- LC asféricas: são fabricadas principalmente de materiais RPG e hidrofílicos, e as suas principais finalidades são a melhor adaptação à superfície corneal (também asférica) correcção de astigmatismos baixos e melhora a qualidade visual. A principal característica que as define é o factor de excentricidade que pode ser padrão nas lentes para adaptações convencionais ou valores mais elevados para córneas irregulares como é o caso do queratocone .
- LC tóricas: são fabricadas principalmente de materiais RPG, hidrofílicos, e hidrogel de silicone e o seu principal propósito e a compensação de todo o tipo de astigmatismo .
- LC bifocais/multifocais: são fabricadas principalmente de materiais RPG, hidrofílicos, e hidrogel de silicone e o seu principal propósito e a compensação da presbiopia .
- LC de geometria inversa: são fabricadas de materiais RPG e utilizam-se principalmente para a redução da miopia por moldagem da córnea ( ortoqueratologia ). Também se aplicam em córneas de geometria oblatada (córneas mais planas no centro que na periferia, normalmente resultado de algum procedimento cirúrgico ou traumático).
- LC especiais para astigmatismo irregular: estas lentes possuem desenhos especiais para a sua adaptação sobre córneas com graus severos de irregularidade ( queratocone , cicatrizes corneais, irregularidades post-cirúrgicas, etc). São fabricadas principalmente de materiais RPG mas também existem algumas lentes deste tipo fabricadas com materiais hidrofílicos.
- LC hidrofílicas: a diferença com as lentes normais é a sua maior espessura para minimizar a flexão da lente sobre a superfície irregular.
- LC RPG: as principais diferenças com as LCRPG antes referidas costumam ser uma maior excentricidade na superfície posterior, tamanho reduzido de zona óptica e/ou desenhos especiais de curvas periféricas.
- LC Esclerais: estas lentes utilizam-se quando as irregularidades são tão graves que impedem a adaptação satisfatória sobre a superfície corneal e limbal. Têm tamanhos superiores a 15 mm de diâmetro.
- LC terapêuticas: são fabricadas de materiais hidrofílicos e a sua função principal é proteger a superfície ocular em diferentes situações patológicas ou após cirurgia ocular. 4
- LC cosméticas e de cor: estas lentes são fabricadas de materiais hidrofílicos e os seus propósitos de uso permitem ainda estabelecer uma sub-classificação
- Lentes de cor : a finalidade é simplesmente mudar a cor dos olhos.
- Lentes espectrais : a sua coloração é uniforme e a função é filtrar selectivamente algumas radiações do espectro visível para proporcionar uma visão de maior contraste. Utilizam-se principalmente na prática de desportos ao ar livre e em doenças degenerativas da retina.
- Lentes cosméticas : utilizadas para mascarar defeitos da superfície ocular ou estrabismos .
- Lentes de oclusão : o propósito é impedir a passagem da luz pela área pupilar.
· E.U.A: 32 milhões.
· Ásia: 17 milhões.
· Europa: 17 milhões.
· Austrália: 0.5 milhões.
· América Latina e resto de países: 8.5 milhões.
1.4. Acreditação e supervisão da actividade contactológica
1.4.1. As fórmulas poliméricas
Existem, actualmente, vários organismos que supervisionam o desenvolvimento, produção e adaptação de novas LC. Refere-se aqui o exemplo dos E.U.A, onde a produção de LC está regulada de um modo mais estrito, usualmente servindo de referência para o resto dos países. O primeiro ponto a considerar é a nomenclatura dos materiais a serem utilizados no fabrico de LC. Estes são inicialmente designados pela United States Adopted Names (USAN), que procede à padronização da denominação dos materiais a serem utilizados como produtos sanitários, em função das suas características químicas e farmacológicas. Os nomes dados pela USAN não podem ser adoptados por nenhuma empresa como propriedade (polymacon, hilafilcon A, ou paflufocon D, são alguns exemplos desta nomenclatura).
1.4.2. Os ensaios clínicos
Quanto à distribuição comercial, a FDA deve também ser referida por se tratar do órgão com capacidade para autorizar o uso de produtos alimentares e sanitários em humanos nos E.U.A., abrangendo também as LC desde 1968. Actualmente, tal como acontece com os medicamentos, as LC têm de superar rigorosos testes sistematizados em protocolos de investigação, nos centros de referência existentes em todo o mundo, antes de serem comercializadas. Nestes centros, verifica-se a biocompatibilidade dos novos materiais que os fabricantes pretendem comercializar e as vantagens que fornecem face a outros produtos já disponíveis no mercado.
1.4.3. O fabrico e o controlo de qualidade
Quanto ao fabrico, outros organismos uniformizadores elaboram guias de tolerância destinados aos fabricantes, com o objectivo de que estes ofereçam produtos com a máxima qualidade e com os mais altos índices de reprodutibilidade. É o caso das normas ANSI ( American National Standards Institute ) , ISO ( International Organization for Standardization ), BSI ( British Standards Institution ), SA ( Standards Australia ) e CEN ( European Committee for Standardization ).
1.4.4. O ensino da Contactologia
No que diz respeito à padronização dos procedimentos de adaptação, a organização mais importante a nível mundial na actualidade é a International Association of Contact Lens Educators ( IACLE ). Esta organização é constituída por docentes dedicados ao ensino da Contactologia em países de todo o mundo. Proporciona formação contínua aos educadores, bem como material docente para as aulas dos centros universitários em que se leccionam as especialidades optométricas. A indústria tem reconhecido o trabalho da IACLE na melhoria dos níveis de conhecimento e desempenho dos profissionais envolvidos na prescrição e adaptação de LC, financiando os projectos realizados por esta organização. O esquema de trabalho da IACLE está orientado fundamentalmente para a "educação dos educadores". Pretende-se, com isto, que o paciente seja o último beneficiário de todo o processo formativo fornecido a docentes e estudantes que, posteriormente, proporcionarão melhores e mais seguras opções de compensação com LC à sociedade. Actualmente, este organismo agrupa mais de 500 profissionais do ensino da Contactologia em mais de 60 países, realizando uma intensa actividade educativa, principalmente em países em vias de desenvolvimento da Ásia e América Latina. Esta formação está a cargo principalmente dos membros acreditados como Fellow of IACLE . Também tem sido importante para a estandardização do ensino da Contactologia nos países europeus o programa recomendado pela Associação Europeia de Universidades, Escolas e Colégios de Optometria (AEUSCO).
2. Reflexão sobre as tendências, actividade científica, presente e futuro da Contactologia
O colectivo optométrico e em geral, todas aquelas pessoas envolvidas de um ou outro modo na atenção visual da população mundial assistimos actualmente a rápidas mudanças, reflexo da vertiginosa evolução tecnológica e científica do nosso tempo, comum a todos os domínios da ciência. Cada vez com mais frequência, são apresentadas novas abordagens terapêuticas nas que o optometrista como profissional responsável da atenção visual primária tem um papel decisivo. A Contactologia é o paradigma desta evolução, sendo possivelmente a área mais interdisciplinar da Optometria, sendo a que mais tem evoluído nos últimos 50 anos.
Seguramente os mais veteranos ainda se lembrem da altura em que apenas se adaptavam lentes de contacto rígidas de metacrilato (PMMA). Estes mesmos profissionais assistiram estupefactos à aparição das lentes hidrofílicas introducidas pelo Professor Otto Witcherle e o seu colega o Dr. Dravoslav Lim na Academia Checa de Ciências entre as décadas de 50 e 60, as lentes de contacto rígidas permeáveis aos gases (RPG), o uso prolongado, com os seus avanços e retrocessos ou as lentes descartáveis; por citar apenas alguns dos eventos mais importantes desta revolução. No entanto, na actualidade já não entendemos a Contactologia sem as lentes de contacto descartáveis, as lentes tóricas, multifocais, a ortoqueratologia , ou os materiais de alta permeabilidade que têm vindo a ganhar terreno nas novas adaptações de lentes de contacto, demonstranto por outra parte que os profisionais da Contactologia estão atentos às intonações e tratam de as proporcionar aos seus pacientes para garantir uma melhor saúde visual.
A Contactologia, que em certo modo viu a sua evolução interrompida pela expansão da cirurgia refractiva , soube reagir espectacularmente com novos materiais, novos desenhos e novas soluções terapêuticas, sem esquecer os avanços em sistemas de manutenção e limpeza que expandiram o âmbito de acção do contactologista para além das expectativas mais optimistas. Evidentemente a industria das lentes de contacto teve uma responsabilidade fundamental neste âmbito, mas não podemos esquecer os milhares de investigadores que anonimamente desde os seus laboratórios em todo o mundo se esforçaram para consolidar o conhecimento científico à volta das lentes de contacto e a sua área de acção, a superfície ocular. O impacto destes trabalhos é cada dia mais evidente, com visibilidade nos jornais científicos mais prestigiados na área da Optometria e Ciências da Visão, a fisiologia ou os biomateriais, entre outras. Basta referir que segundo dados obtidos da base de dados da National Library of Medicine nos três períodos de 18,3 anos decorrentes entre 1950 e 2005, o número de publicações sobre lentes de contacto ( contact lenses ) aumentou de 970 entre 1950 e 1968 para 3718 e 4571 nos períodos 69-87 e 88-05, respectivamente.
Podemos assim dizer, que a tão anunciada crise, serviu como quase sempre acontece para reforçar esta área do ponto de vista clínico e desde logo do ponto de vista comercial. Mas também é certo que não tudo está feito. Na figura 4 apresenta-se um gráfico com a frequência de sintomas de secura ocular referida por utilizadores de LCH em relação a pessoas que não utilizam LC. De facto todos sabemos que as lentes de contacto actuais não satisfazem as demandas e exigências da totalidade dos seus pacientes. Continuamos a ter uma importante proporção de utilizadores que deixam de o ser por diversos motivos (económicos, conveniência, conforto, complicações, etc.) que fazem com que o mercado da LC cresça a um ritmo menor do que o esperado, tendo em consideração a proporção de novos usuários que cada ano conquistamos.
Por isso não podemos atenuar a pesquisa de novas soluções para melhorar o conforto e a tolerância das LC. Esta deve ser intensificada, bem como a procura de novas técnicas para satisfazer as necessidades dos usuários de LC e principalmente dos potenciais usuários destes elementos de compensação visual ( figuras 5 e 6 ). É responsabilidade de todos colaborar, cada qual desde o seu local de trabalho, na evolução da Contactologia do futuro, cujos limites ninguém na actualidade se atreve a prognosticar. Considerando que em Portugal aproximadamente existem 300.000 utilizadores de lentes de contacto (3% da população) e que a sua incidência de utilização noutros países atinge os 15%, podemos esperar que nos próximos anos a proporção de usuários possa aumentar no mínimo em outros 300.000 utilizadores, valor que nos colocaria na órbita de países como o Reino Unido (aproximadamente 6% da população usa LC). Teremos que estar preparados.
Todos aqueles que desejam acompanhar e participar nestes desenvolvimentos, devem ser conscientes que as mudanças serão rápidas, por vezes frustrantes pela sua celeridade. Exigirão de nós, profissionais de Contactologia, uma constante actualização, muito estudo e principalmente confiança e rigor na nossa actividade profissional, antepondo à frente de tudo a saúde visual dos nossos pacientes. O certo é que ainda ficam alguns problemas por resolver e muitos novos horizontes por explorar.
Blepharitis (Blefarite)
Blepharitis does not usually affect vision or damage the eye. It is a chronic, manageable condition in most cases. If left untreated, it can lead to a more serious condition called ulcerative blepharitis. This is usually caused by a bacterial infection and can cause loss of eyelashes, eyelid scarring, and inflammation of the cornea.
Incidence and Prevalence Blepharitis is a common eye disorder throughout the world. It affects people of all ages, but blepharitis caused by seborrhea is seen more frequently in older patients.
Risk Factors
Chronic blepharitis is often linked to occupations in which the hands are dirty for much of the day. Poor hygiene is also a risk factor. Seborrheic dermatitis of the face or scalp is also a common risk factor. Dermatitis caused by herpes simplex, varicella-zoster virus, allergies, and staphylococcus may also cause blepharitis. It has also been associated with rosacea.
Drugs and allergens can cause acute blepharitis. Chronic cases can be aggravated by environmental irritants such as exposure to chemical fumes, smoke, and smog.
Causes
Blepharitis is usually caused by seborrheic dermatitis (a skin disorder that causes itching, flaking, and inflammation) or a bacterial infection. Infections are usually caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which live on human skin and usually cause no harm. When this bacteria causes blepharitis, the normal cycle of the bacterial colonies has usually been altered by excess oil production. Blepharitis can also be caused by allergies or lice infestation in the eyelashes.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms include itching, burning, and redness around the edge of the eyelids in both eyes, excessive tearing, and a loss of eyelashes. Blepharitis associated with seborrhea often causes greasy, easily removable scales ("dandruff") on the eyelid, close to the lash line. Other symptoms of seborrheic blepharitis are feeling that a foreign object is in the eye or a sandy or gritty sensation.
With ulcerative blepharitis, small pustules that eventually crust and bleed develop in the follicles of the eyelashes. Lashes are often stuck together by dried secretions upon awakening. In some cases, it can also cause dry eyes, resulting from an imbalance in the quantity and/or quality of the tears.
Diagnosis:
Routine examination of the eyelids and eyelashes is usually sufficient to diagnose blepharitis. A slit lamp microscope is used for more detailed inspection. This is a microscope with an attached light that allows the doctor to examine the eye under high magnification and is used for examination of the cornea, iris, and lens.
Treatment:
Carefully cleaning the eyelids is usually all that is needed to control symptoms and prevent complications.
The edges of the eyelids can be gently scrubbed with tearless shampoo using a cotton-tipped applicator or lint-free washcloth wrapped around the index finger. The eyelids may need to be cleaned several times a day until symptoms clear up. Warm compresses applied to the eyelids can loosen crusted secretions.
Sometimes the doctor prescribes a specially formulated eyelid cleanser to clear the lash area of crusts and scaling. For severe cases, especially those associated with bacterial infection, a topical antibiotic ointment may be prescribed. Corticosteroid ointments provide short-term relief. In stubborn cases, oral antibiotics might be prescribed. Antibiotic and steroid drops may be used to treat inflammation that has spread to the cornea.
If lice are the cause, petroleum jelly can be applied along the base of the eyelashes to eliminate them.
Prevention:
Keeping the eyelids, scalp, and face clean is the most effective way to prevent blepharitis and its recurrence. Avoiding exposure to smoke and chemical fumes and obtaining treatment for skin disorders like rosacea and seborrhea also helps prevent blepharitis.
sábado, 4 de outubro de 2008
Onda de assaltos ás ópticas
A comercialização dos produtos roubados deverá ocorrer dentro do nosso território, através de diversos canais", refere a associação em comunicado.
Assim, Fernando Eugénio solicita a todas as entidades do sector que alertem as autoridades oficiais ou ANO/APFAO quando se verificarem os seguintes casos:
# Um cliente final que se dirija a uma Optica com um oculo de sol ou armação a solicitar uma bolsa ou outra situação que levante suspeitas;
# Oferta junto dos Ópticos de quantidades de oculos de proveniência duvidosa;# Solicitação de grande quantidade de bolsas sem razão justificável;
# Conhecimento de locais/individuos que procedam a venda de oculos e armações originais;
# Agentes comerciais das Empresas distribuidoras que verifiquem locais onde estarão a ser vendidas marcas que não foram adquiridas pelas vias normais.
Lentes de contacto Biónicas
Óculos simulam televisão de 40 polegadas

segunda-feira, 7 de janeiro de 2008
Oculos com monitor embutido

Proteja-se enquanto trabalha
E que 90% dos casos podiam ser evitáveis?Para isso bastava apostar na consciencialização e, claro, na prevenção. No caso das profissões industriais, especialistas alertam para o uso obrigatório de acessórios de segurança, como óculos especiais para a função que exercem.
A fadiga provocada pelo uso de computadores também é destacada pelos médicos, sendo por isso aconselhável tomar algumas medidas preventivas:
- Nunca posicionar seu computador diante de uma janela;
- Evitar trabalhar em locais mal iluminados;
- Estabelecer pausas de 10 minutos por cada hora de trabalho, piscando várias vezes;
- Fechar os olhos por um período de 15 minutos ao meio do dia;
- Garantir uma boa hidratação, se necessário, usar lágrimas artificiais.
- Consultar um especialista quando sentir qualquer distúrbio na visão.
O Peixe-zebra poderá curar a cegueira

Nova invenção pode ajudar a mudar a vida dos cegos
segunda-feira, 26 de novembro de 2007
Olho Seco
Jogos de acção melhoram visão

Córnea artifical revoluciona implantes oculares

Nadar com música

sexta-feira, 9 de novembro de 2007
Hyperopia

Common signs of farsightedness include difficulty in concentrating and maintaining a clear focus on near objects, eye strain, fatigue and/or headaches after close work, aching or burning eyes, irritability or nervousness after sustained concentration.
Common vision screenings, often done in schools, are generally ineffective in detecting farsightedness. A comprehensive optometric examination will include testing for farsightedness.
In mild cases of farsightedness, your eyes may be able to compensate without corrective lenses. In other cases, your optometrist can prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses to optically correct farsightedness by altering the way the light enters your eyes.
Myopia

Nearsightedness is a very common vision condition that affects nearly 30 percent of the U.S. population. Some evidence supports the theory that nearsightedness is hereditary. There is also growing evidence that nearsightedness may be caused by the stress of too much close vision work. It normally first occurs in school-age children. Because the eye continues to grow during childhood, nearsightedness generally develops before age 20.
A sign of nearsightedness is difficulty seeing distant objects like a movie or TV screen or chalkboard. A comprehensive optometric examination will include testing for nearsightedness. Your optometrist can prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses to optically correct nearsightedness by altering the way the light images enter your eyes. You may only need to wear them for certain activities, like watching TV or a movie or driving a car, or they may need to be worn for all activities.
Refractive surgery or laser procedures are also possible treatments for nearsightedness as is orthokeratology. Orthokeratology (ortho-k) is a non-invasive procedure that involves the wearing of a series of specially-designed rigid contact lenses to progressively reshape the curvature of the cornea over time.
Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
There is a common misconception that a child will outgrow strabismus. This is not true. In fact, the condition may get worse without treatment.
Treatment for strabismus may include single vision or bifocal eyeglasses, prisms, vision therapy, and in some cases, surgery. Vision therapy helps align your eyes and solves the underlying cause of strabismus by teaching your two eyes to work together. Surgery alone may straighten your eyes, but unless your eye muscle control is improved, your eyes may not remain straight.
If detected and treated early, strabismus can often be corrected with excellent results.
Brócolos ajudam a combater os raios ultravioletas

domingo, 21 de outubro de 2007
Crystalline Lens
In young people, the lens changes shape to adjust for close or distance vision. This is called accommodation. With age, the lens gradually hardens, diminishing the ability to accommodate.
Amblyopia
A child’s visual system is fully developed between approximately the ages of 9-11. Until then, children readily adapt to visual problems by suppressing or blocking out the image. If caught early, the problem can often be corrected and the vision preserved. However, after about age 11, it is difficult if not impossible to train the brain to use the eye normally.
Some causes of amblyopia include: strabismus (crossed or turned eye), congenital cataracts, cloudy cornea, droopy eyelid, unequal vision and uncorrected nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism. Amblyopia may occur in various degrees depending on the severity of the underlying problem. Some patients just experience a partial loss; others are only able to recognize motion.
Patients with amblyopia lack binocular vision, or stereopsis – the ability to blend the images of both eyes together. Stereopsis is what allows us to appreciate depth. Without it, the ability to judge distance is impaired.
Signs and Symptoms
Poor vision in one or both eyes
Squinting or closing one eye while reading or watching television
Crossed or turned eye
Turning or tilting the head when looking at an object
Note: Children rarely complain of poor vision. They are able to adapt very easily to most visual impairments. Parents must be very observant of young children and should have a routine eye exam performed by the age of 2-3 to detect potential problems.
Detection and Diagnosis
When amblyopia is suspected, the doctor will evaluate the following: vision, eye alignment, eye movements, and fusion (the brain’s ability to blend two images into a single image).
Treatment
The treatment for amblyopia depends on the underlying problem. In some cases, the strong eye is temporarily patched so the child is forced to use the weaker eye. For children with problems relating to a refractive error, glasses may be necessary to correct vision. Problems that impair vision such as cataracts or droopy eyelids often require surgery. Regardless of the treatment required, it is of utmost importance that intervention is implemented as early as possible before the child’s brain learns to permanently suppress or ignore the eye.
Catarats
Eye without a cataract

Eye with a cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens, the part of the eye responsible for focusing light and producing clear, sharp images. The lens is contained in a sealed bag or capsule. As old cells die they become trapped within the capsule. Over time, the cells accumulate causing the lens to cloud, making images look blurred or fuzzy. For most people, cataracts are a natural result of aging.
In fact, they are the leading cause of visual loss among adults 55 and older. Eye injuries, certain medications, and diseases such as diabetes and alcoholism have also been known to cause cataracts.
Dry eye

Tears are comprised of three layers. The mucus layer coats the cornea, the eye’s clear outer window, forming a foundation so the tear film can adhere to the eye. The middle aqueous layer provides moisture and supplies oxygen and other important nutrients to the cornea. This layer is made of 98 percent water along with small amounts of salt, proteins and other compounds. The outer lipid layer is an oily film that seals the tear film on the eye and helps to prevent evaporation.
Tears are formed in several glands around the eye. The water layer is produced in the lacrimal gland, located under the upper eyelid. Several smaller glands in the lids make the oil and mucus layers. With each blink, the eyelids spread the tears over the eye. Excess tears flow into two tiny drainage ducts in the corner of the eye by the nose. These ducts lead to tiny canals that connect to the nasal passage. The connection between the tear ducts and the nasal passage is the reason that crying causes a runny nose.
In addition to lubricating the eye, tears are also produced as a reflex response to outside stimulus such as an injury or emotion. However, reflex tears do little to soothe a dry eye, which is why someone with watery eyes may still complain of irritation.
Dry eye syndrome has many causes. One of the most common reasons for dryness is simply the normal aging process. As we grow older, our bodies produce less oil – 60% less at age 65 then at age 18. This is more pronounced in women, who tend to have drier skin then men. The oil deficiency also affects the tear film. Without as much oil to seal the watery layer, the tear film evaporates much faster, leaving dry areas on the cornea.
Many other factors, such as hot, dry or windy climates, high altitudes, air-conditioning and cigarette smoke also cause dry eyes. Many people also find their eyes become irritated when reading or working on a computer. Stopping periodically to rest and blink keeps the eyes more comfortable.
Contact lens wearers may also suffer from dryness because the contacts absorb the tear film, causing proteins to form on the surface of the lens. Certain medications, thyroid conditions, vitamin A deficiency, and diseases such as Parkinson’s and Sjogren’s can also cause dryness. Women frequently experience problems with dry eyes as they enter menopause because of hormonal changes.
Itching
Burning
Irritation
Redness
Blurred vision that improves with blinking
Excessive tearing
Increased discomfort after periods of reading, watching TV, or working on a computer
Treatment A treatment option - BioTears™
When it comes to treating dry eyes, everyone’s needs are a little different. Many find relief simply from using artificial tears on a regular basis. Some of these products are watery and alleviate the symptoms temporarily; others are thicker and adhere to the eye longer. Preservative-free tears are recommended because they are the most soothing and have fewer additives that could potentially irritate. Avoid products that whiten the eyes – they don’t have adequate lubricating qualities and often make the problem worse.
There are also simple lifestyle changes that can significantly improve irritation from dry eyes. For example, drinking eight to ten glasses of water each day keeps the body hydrated and flushes impurities. Make a conscious effort to blink frequently – especially when reading or watching television. Avoid rubbing the eyes. This only worsens the irritation.
Treating dry eye problems is important not only for comfort, but also for the health of the cornea.
sábado, 20 de outubro de 2007
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin or the body is unable to process it properly. Insulin is the hormone that regulates the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Diabetes can affect children and adults.The next stage is known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In this stage, circulation problems cause areas of the retina to become oxygen-deprived or ischemic. New, fragile, vessels develop as the circulatory system attempts to maintain adequate oxygen levels within the retina. This is called neovascularization. Unfortunately, these delicate vessels hemorrhage easily. Blood may leak into the retina and vitreous, causing spots or floaters, along with decreased vision.
In the later phases of the disease, continued abnormal vessel growth and scar tissue may cause serious problems such as retinal detachment and glaucoma.
Blurred vision (this is often linked to blood sugar levels
Floaters and flashes
Sudden loss of vision
Detection and Diagnosis
Diabetic patients require routine eye examinations so related eye problems can be detected and treated as early as possible. Most diabetic patients are frequently examined by an internist or endocrinologist who in turn work closely with the ophthalmologist.
Diabetic retinopathy is treated in many ways depending on the stage of the disease and the specific problem that requires attention. The retinal surgeon relies on several tests to monitor the progression of the disease and to make decisions for the appropriate treatment. These include: fluorescein angiography, retinal photography, and ultrasound imaging of the eye.
The abnormal growth of tiny blood vessels and the associated complication of bleeding is one of the most common problems treated by vitreo-retinal surgeons. Laser surgery called pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP) is usually the treatment of choice for this problem.
With PRP, the surgeon uses laser to destroy oxygen-deprived retinal tissue outside of the patient’s central vision. While this creates blind spots in the peripheral vision, PRP prevents the continued growth of the fragile vessels and seals the leaking ones. The goal of the treatment is to arrest the progression of the disease.
Vitrectomy is another surgery commonly needed for diabetic patients who suffer a vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding in the gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye). During a vitrectomy, the retina surgeon carefully removes blood and vitreous from the eye, and replaces it with clear salt solution (saline). At the same time, the surgeon may also gently cut strands of vitreous attached to the retina that create traction and could lead to retinal detachment or tears.
Patients with diabetes are at greater risk of developing retinal tears and detachment. Tears are often sealed with laser surgery. Retinal detachment requires surgical treatment to reattach the retina to the back of the eye. The prognosis for visual recovery is dependent on the severity of the detachment.
Diabetics can also greatly reduce the possibilities of eye complications by scheduling routine examinations with an ophthalmologist. Many problems can be treated with much greater success when caught early.
Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative condition of the macula (the central retina). It is the most common cause of vision loss in the United States in those 50 or older, and its prevalence increases with age. AMD is caused by hardening of the arteries that nourish the retina. This deprives the sensitive retinal tissue of oxygen and nutrients that it needs to function and thrive. As a result, the central vision deteriorates. What is the difference between wet and dry macular degeneration?AMD is classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (non-neovascular). About 10% of patients who suffer from macular degeneration have wet AMD. This type occurs when new vessels form to improve the blood supply to oxygen-deprived retinal tissue. However, the new vessels are very delicate and break easily, causing bleeding and damage to surrounding tissue.
Dry macular degeneration, although more common, typically results in a less severe, more gradual loss of vision.
Wet macular degeneration develop new blood vessels under the retina. This causes hemorrahage, swelling, and scar tissue but it can be treated with laser in some cases.
The dry type is much more common and is characterized by drusen and loss of pigment in the retina. Drusen are small, yellowish deposits that form within the layers of the retina.
What causes macular degeneration?
Macular degeneration may be caused by variety of factors. Genetics, age, nutrition, smoking, and sunlight exposure may all play a role. Signs and Symptoms
Loss of central vision. This may be gradual for those with the dry type. Patients with the wet type may experience a sudden decrease of the central vision.
Difficulty reading or performing tasks that require the ability to see detail
Distorted vision (Straight lines such as a doorway or the edge of a window may appear wavy or bent.)
Detection and Diagnosis
Eye physicians usually diagnose AMD. Vision testing, Amsler grid test, ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography are some common tests performed during a retinal exam.
Treatment
There is no proven medical therapy for dry macular degeneration. In selected cases of wet macular degeneration, laser photocoagulation is effective for sealing leaking or bleeding vessels. Unfortunately, laser photocoagulation usually does not restore lost vision, but it may prevent further loss. Recently, photodynamic therapy has proven to be effective in stopping abnormal blood vessel growth in some patients with wet AMD. This new type of laser treatment is far less damaging than laser photocoagulation and is the treatment of choice in many cases.Early diagnosis is critical for successful treatment of wet macular degeneration. Patients can help the doctor detect early changes by monitoring vision at home with an Amsler grid.
Nutrition and macular degenerationSeveral recent studies have indicated a strong link between nutrition and the development of macular degeneration. It has been scientifically demonstrated that people with diets high in fruits and vegetables (especially leafy green vegetables) have a lower incidence of macular degeneration. More studies are needed to determine if nutritional supplements can prevent progression in patients with existing disease.
Tips for AMD patients
If you’ve been diagnosed with AMD, making a few simple lifestyle changes could have a positive impact on the health of your retina.
Monitor your vision daily with an Amsler grid. By checking your vision regularly, changes that may require treatment can be detected early.
Take a multi-vitamin with zinc. (check with your eye physician for a recommendation). Antioxidants, along with zinc and lutein are essential nutrients, all found in the retina. It is believed that people with AMD may be deficient in these nutrients.
Incorporate dark leafy green vegetables into your diet. These include spinach, collard greens, kale and turnip greens.
Always protect your eyes with sunglasses that have UV protection. Ultraviolet rays are believed to cause damage to the pigment cells in the retina.
Quit smoking. Smoking impairs the body’s circulation, decreasing the efficiency of the retinal blood vessels.
Exercise regularly. Cardiovascular exercise improves the body’s overall health and increases the efficiency of the circulatory system.
These are a few tips to make reading easier:
Use a halogen light. These have less glare and disperse the light better than standard light bulbs.
Shine the light directly on your reading material. This improves the contrast and makes the print easier to see.
Use a hand-held magnifier. A drugstore magnifier can increase the print size dramatically.
Try large-print or audio books. Most libraries and bookstores have special sections reserved for these books.
Consult a low vision specialist. These professionals are specially trained to help visually impaired patients improve their quality of life. After a personalized consultation, they can recommend appropriate magnifiers, reading aids, practical tips, and many resources.
Eyes

The ability to see is dependent on the actions of several structures in and around the eyeball. The graphic below lists many of the essential components of the eye's optical system.
When you look at an object, light rays are reflected from the object to the cornea, which is where the miracle begins. The light rays are bent, refracted and focused by the cornea, lens, and vitreous. The lens' job is to make sure the rays come to a sharp focus on the retina. The resulting image on the retina is upside-down. Here at the retina, the light rays are converted to electrical impulses which are then transmitted through the optic nerve, to the brain, where the image is translated and perceived in an upright position.

Think of the eye as a camera. A camera needs a lens and a film to produce an image. In the same way, the eyeball needs a lens (cornea, crystalline lens, vitreous) to refract, or focus the light and a film (retina) on which to focus the rays. If any one or more of these components is not functioning correctly, the result is a poor picture. The retina represents the film in our camera. It captures the image and sends it to the brain to be developed. The macula is the highly sensitive area of the retina. The macula is responsible for our critical focusing vision. It is the part of the retina most used. We use our macula to read or to stare intently at an object.
The conjunctiva is the thin, transparent tissue that covers the outer surface of the eye. It begins at the outer edge of the cornea, covering the visible part of the sclera, and lining the inside of the eyelids. It is nourished by tiny blood vessels that are nearly invisible to the naked eye.
The conjunctiva also secretes oils and mucous that moisten and lubricate the eye.
The choroid lies between the retina and sclera. It is composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye. The choroid connects with the ciliary body toward the front of the eye and is attached to edges of the optic nerve at the back of the eye.One function of the ciliary body is the production of aqueous humor, the clear fluid that fills the front of the eye. It also controls accommodation by changing the shape of the crystalline lens. When the ciliary body contracts, the zonules relax. This allows the lens to thicken, increasing the eye's ability to focus up close. When looking at a distant object, the ciliary body relaxes, causing the zonules to contract. The lens becomes thinner, adjusting the eye's focus for distance vision.
With age, everyone develops a condition known as presbyopia. This occurs as the ciliary body muscle and lens gradually lose elasticity, causing difficulty reading.
The adult cornea is only about 1/2 millimeter thick and is comprised of 5 layers: epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, Descemet's membrane and the endothelium.
Boman's membrane lies just beneath the epithelium. Because this layer is very tough and difficult to penetrate, it protects the cornea from injury.
The stroma is the thickest layer and lies just beneath Bowman's. It is composed of tiny collagen fibrils that run parallel to each other. This special formation of the collagen fibrils gives the cornea its clarity.
Descemet's membrane lies between the stroma and the endothelium. The endothelium is just underneath Descemet's and is only one cell layer thick. This layer pumps water from the cornea, keeping it clear. If damaged or disease, these cells will not regenerate.
Tiny vessels at the outermost edge of the cornea provide nourishment, along with the aqueous and tear film.
All six muscles work in unison to move the eye. As one contracts, the opposing muscle relaxes, creating smooth movements. In addition to the muscles of one eye working together in a coordinated effort, the muscles of both eyes work in unison so that the eyes are always aligned.
The sphincter muscle lies around the very edge of the pupil. In bright light, the sphincter contracts, causing the pupil to constrict. The dilator muscle runs radially through the iris, like spokes on a wheel. This muscle dilates the eye in dim lighting.
The iris is flat and divides the front of the eye (anterior chamber) from the back of the eye (posterior chamber). Its color comes from microscopic pigment cells called melanin. The color, texture, and patterns of each person's iris are as unique as a fingerprint.
The retina's sensory receptor cells of retina are absent from the optic nerve. Because of this, everyone has a normal blind spot. This is not normally noticeable because the vision of both eyes overlaps.

There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina: rods and cones. The retina contains approximately 6 million cones. The cones are contained in the macula, the portion of the retina responsible for central vision. They are most densely packed within the fovea, the very center portion of the macula. Cones function best in bright light and allow us to appreciate color.
This photograph shows a normal retina with blood vessels that branch from the optic nerve, cascading toward the macula.
In children, the sclera is thinner and more translucent, allowing the underlying tissue to show through and giving it a bluish cast. As we age, the sclera tends to become more yellow.
In children, the vitreous has a consistency similar to an egg white. With age it gradually thins and becomes more liquid. The vitreous is firmly attached to certain areas of the retina. As the vitreous thins, it separates from the retina, often causing floaters.